Written By Kristin Jones, The Colorado Trust, 3/24/2021

The Denver Indian Center on Morrison Road is a place for community events—elder luncheons, classes, pow wows. A year ago, it was closed for gatherings.

That began to change in December, after staff at Denver Indian Health and Family Services drove to Albuquerque, N.M. to pick up the first vial of Pfizer’s COVID-19 vaccine from the Indian Health Center there. Now, every Friday from 9 a.m. to 1 p.m., members of Denver’s urban Native community arrive to get vaccinated.

Among Indigenous communities both on reservations and in urban areas, the COVID-19 vaccine is being distributed by the federal Indian Health Service, in a parallel effort to that of the states. As of March 16, the Indian Health Service had distributed 9,300 vaccine doses in Colorado to the Ute Mountain Ute Health Center, the Southern Ute Health Center, and Denver Indian Health and Family Services, according to an emailed statement.

The process is going quickly, allowing providers to expand eligibility to a much larger cohort than otherwise would have access to the vaccine.

In southwest Colorado, the Ute Mountain Ute Tribe started offering COVID-19 vaccines to any adult, Native or not, who can make it to their vaccination events in Towaoc.

On a recent Friday in March, Denver Indian Health and Family Services was offering vaccines to tribal members as young as 18, provided they had a high-risk medical condition. Some non-Native people who live in the same households as tribal members or who work in Native-run organizations have been able to get vaccinated, too.

A campaign by Denver Indian Health and Family Services to promote the vaccine has focused on its importance in protecting elders.

Adrianne Maddux, a member of Hopi Nation and executive director of Denver Indian Health and Family Services, was at the event.

The social aspect is important, Maddux started saying. And then, as if on cue, Darius Lee Smith, who directs Denver’s Anti-Discrimination Office and is Navajo, stepped out of his place in line to greet her. Smith was there with his 25-year-old daughter, Savannah. They were both scheduled for their second dose of the Moderna vaccine.
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“See? That’s what I mean about it being a community reunion,” said Maddux. Friends who haven’t seen each other in months run into each other here. She sees people posting about it on social media.

​Indigenous communities have been especially hard hit by COVID-19. American Indians and Alaska Natives are more than twice as likely as white Americans to have died of COVID-19 since the start of the pandemic, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Darius Lee Smith, who is 53, was hospitalized with COVID-19 in November. He’s a runner and he’s always been healthy, so he wasn’t particularly worried about it, he said. Except for a few bad moments: when he was checking into the hospital, for instance, and was asked who would make decisions for him if he had to be put on a ventilator.

Then, a few days after Darius Lee Smith was discharged from the hospital, his mother was admitted.

“I was terrified,” he said. “Both because she’s 78 and because I felt guilty about giving it to her.”
Both mother and son have made a full recovery, he said.

Savannah Lee Smith was months away from graduating with a master’s degree in public health, specializing in Native American health, when COVID-19 shut things down a year ago. She worked as a contact tracer for a while before getting a job as a research assistant at the Centers for American Indian and Alaska Native Health at the Colorado School of Public Health. (Colorado Trust funding established an endowed chair position at the Centers in 2015.)

“Some people my age feel guilty” about getting the vaccine, Savannah Lee Smith said. “But I think if you have the opportunity to get the vaccine, definitely take it.”

Nearby, Shad Wright, a member of the Rosebud Sioux Tribe, was getting his second shot, too. The Indian Health Service called the 43-year-old a few weeks ago to ask him whether he wanted the vaccine. He said he did, and that was that.

The side effects from the first vaccine weren’t so bad, he said: “All I had was a dead arm.”
The success of the vaccine rollout efforts are a point of pride in Native communities, said Darius Lee Smith.

“How they’re distributing vaccines is an exercise in tribal sovereignty,” he said.

Rachel Bryan-Auker, who is Kaigani Haida and Tlingit, is tribal liaison for the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment. She said the state health agency works closely with the tribes on vaccine distribution and is proud of their collaboration.
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“Tribes, and the Urban Indian Health Programs, have shown incredible leadership throughout the response,” said Bryan-Auker. (The Urban Indian Health Programs are nonprofits, including Denver Indian Health and Family Services, that are contracted by the Indian Health Service to provide health care to tribal members.) “We really commend them at how effective they’ve been in vaccinating communities. We’re always learning from them.”

Addressing hesitancy, one person at a time

Patrick Kills Crow, who is 70 years old and a member of the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe, was nervous initially about getting the vaccine when it first became available to him in early January.

Kills Crow has good reasons to be distrustful of anything that smacks of colonization. His parents sent him and his brother to a Catholic boarding school from third grade through high school because they couldn’t afford to take care of the boys. The teachers hit the kids for speaking Sioux, and cut their hair frequently as a form of punishment and to strip them of their culture.

Before Kills Crow had even turned 18, he was fighting in Vietnam—an experience that still haunts him.

“I don’t know if I should trust the government,” said Kills Crow.

But he trusted other people in the Indigenous community, including the people he works with as a consultant at the nonprofit Denver Indian Family Resource Center. (The center is a recent grantee of The Colorado Trust.) And he had seen the devastation that the disease has caused. A niece living in Nebraska died of COVID-19, leaving children behind; she was in her mid-30s.
So Kills Crow got the vaccine.

Now, a big part of his job is to talk to other elders about the COVID-19 vaccine. He recently convinced another two people to let him give them a ride to the vaccine clinic.

“They agreed to take the vaccine because they want to be there for their grandkids,” he said.
Despite the relative ease of access to vaccines for Native people living in Denver, there are still steep barriers to access for some—like Kills Crow’s sister-in-law, who is housebound because of health problems.

There’s also a lot of misinformation, especially among people who are disconnected from their communities. Kills Crow has experienced being homeless, and empathizes with people he talks to who are unhoused. He sees the way bad information spreads about how the vaccines cause terrible side effects among people with diabetes or mess with DNA (they don’t). “Everybody’s a doctor,” said Kills Crow.

His method of gaining trust is unlikely to be promoted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, but it works: “I bribe them with cigarettes or McDonald’s.”
Tara McLain Manthey, a member of the Osage Nation, is executive director at the Denver Indian Family Resource Center where Kills Crow works. She said the ability to vaccinate staff working at the center has been crucial to resuming in-person services that were impossible in the fall.

Many of these services are vital. Among the center’s responsibilities are providing services to Indigenous families in the child welfare system, including supervised visits between parents and children as well as parenting classes and other resources.

Because of the U.S. history of separating Indigenous families, it’s important that this support comes from within Native communities. But during the COVID-19 surge in the fall, the center was unable to go to people’s houses or invite them in. Now, after being vaccinated, staff plan to go back to supervising parental visits at their offices near City Park.

From Manthey’s perspective, the work of Kills Crow and others provides a model for how vaccines could roll out for everyone, especially as they become more widely available.
Indigenous organizations shared a single-minded focus on the vaccine, she said, and used their best available resource: their people.
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Kills Crow "is doing it one by one,” said Manthey. “That’s the future of the vaccination effort.”

Restoring Healthcare Equity in Indian Country
Written by: Adrianne Maddux, Executive Director of Denver Indian Health and Family Services, for History Colorado

The Covid-19 pandemic has been especially deadly for American Indians and Alaska Natives. With the arrival of the vaccine, the executive director of Denver Indian Health and Family Services feels the urgency of protecting tribal communities and culture—and sees reason for hope.

The early morning darkness is quiet and calm. Coffee is brewing as I open my laptop to address emails that dawn a very productive day. I am the executive director of Denver Indian Health and Family Services, Inc. (DIHFS) and a member of the Hopi tribe of Shungapavi, Arizona. These early mornings allow me to meditate, reflect, and strategize all the decisions of running a health care center, immersing emergency response from Covid-19 into its regular practice.  

The clinic is contracted under Title V of the Indian Healthcare Improvement Act, providing services to American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) individuals in the Denver Area.

In the '70s, my father worked at the Coalition of Indian Controlled School Boards in Denver when a lawsuit against President Nixon's administration succeeded by releasing impounded Indian education funds. The outcome of this lawsuit funded back into Indian-controlled school districts and allowed tribes to begin the development of their educational institutions. The coalition is credited as the reason the “638 law” is entitled The Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975, or Public Law 93-638. Like my father, my siblings have dedicated their careers to working in Indian Country, providing equitable healthcare services, and advocating health policies across the United States. 

The legacy of my family's social and political work has instilled resilience that has allowed me to continue the hard work required to run a health center addressing health disparities for AI/AN individuals. One year into the pandemic has brought on new challenges and insights into the future of DIHFS. Reflection of history brings forward a new direction in healthcare and new beginnings of serving the AI/AN community. 

American Indians/Alaska Natives have been vulnerable to diseases and epidemics going back to the fifteenth century, when European interactions resulted in a cataclysmic disease in Indigenous populations. The lack of healthcare infrastructure was profound in death and extinction, while AI/ANs died in massive numbers from smallpox, influenza, tuberculosis, measles, and many other health factors. Indigenous people had no immunity to these diseases, and thousands of AI/AN lives were taken.

Among the most vulnerable for Covid-19 are AI/AN individuals due to long-term inequalities, high poverty rates, and high rates of underlying medical conditions. When the virus entered tribal communities, it created a surge and took many AI/AN lives. Healthcare infrastructure is still lacking and cannot keep up with the demand needed to address this health crisis. Access to mental and behavioral health services is now more critical than ever. If more resources are not provided, the high level of health needs for AI/AN that already exists will become even greater.

For this reason, our local governments’ support is essential in addressing the devastating impact of historical trauma carried through the Covid-19 pandemic. Rebuilding trust and collaboration in the aftermath of trauma is vital to restoring hope for our AI/AN communities. The Colorado Commission of Indian Affairs has provided a sounding board to hear community leaders' struggles as they navigate these challenging times. A communication campaign developed through the commission’s Health and Wellness Committee allowed an opportunity to communicate to the AI/AN community through channels that are not threatening to the AI/AN population.

At DIHFS, we have embraced a new platform of healthcare. Telemedicine has become an ideal and essential constituent to care delivery to our families. Mobile health is on the horizon, which will eliminate barriers in getting to our clinic.  

Now, DIHFS is receiving Covid-19 vaccine supplies from the Indian Health Services. The Urban Indian Health Institute surveyed vaccines in urban areas and determined that "the primary motivation for participants who indicated willingness to get vaccinated was a strong sense of responsibility to protect the Native community and preserve cultural ways."

DIHFS has partnered with Denver Indian Center and set up a vaccine clinic in their gym. Partnerships with the center and 9Health, a community nonprofit focusing on improving health, provide the infrastructure needed to vaccinate up to 300 individuals at each event. 
Vaccinating elders and their families will allow us to preserve our culture and restore trust in our community. Those who have passed took history with them; prioritizing those still with us is crucial. Seeing elders enter our door brings joy to our staff. Hope of seeing their loved ones again is gleaming in their eyes. Trust is being restored.

As I enter the DIHFS clinic's doors at 2880 West Holden Place in Denver’s Sun Valley neighborhood, I am prepared to take on new challenges in the future of health delivery. Blueprints of clinic expansion lay upon my desk; hand sanitizer, disinfectant wipes, and face masks are scurried in different corners of my office to ensure best practices are in place. I look at a photo on my desktop monitor of my dear mother, who passed away in October, reminding me of courage, strength, and love. We’ve got this! Get vaccinated!

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#BeAGoodRelative and get vaccinated! Protecting the ones you love means protecting yourself. If you are interested in receiving the COVID-19 Vaccine, contact us to schedule your appointment. 

For medical information regarding the COVID-19 Vaccine please call the DIHFS COVID Call Center at (303)953-6604 or (720)591-0090